Against Imperialism in Latin America
by Choo Chon Kai (Central CommitteeMember of PSM) -delivered during International Socialism 2006 at Bangkok, 23-25 October 2006) organized by Workers Democracy of Thailand.

After 500 years of colonial suppression and over 25 years of neoliberal catastrophe, Latin America today is in turmoil, and the masses of the continent are leading a new wave of rebellion against imperialism in the 21st century. The mighty imperialist power, the US and the ruling classes of Latin America, have been seriously challenged by this recent wave of revolts, which is inherited from the popular resistance of Latin Americans since the European invasion 500 years ago.
The development of popular resistance against imperialism in Latin America in recent years, has opened up the eyes and inspired those from other parts of the world. The resistances in this continent in revolt, don’t just pose challenges to the existing imperialist dominance but also lay out opportunities for changes from below, setting up conditions, objectively and subjectively, for a socialist revolution.
Direct actions by peasants in Peru, the indigenous upheaval in Ecuador, street protests and factory occupations in Argentina, a climate of massive insurrection in Bolivia, land occupations in Brazil, political awakening in Uruguay, anti-imperialist mobilizations in Chile and battles against US-sponsored coup plotters in Venezuela, have marked an important turning point of people’s struggle in the region.
Cuba, which was seen as the “last bastion of Socialism” and isolated by the western imperialist powers especially since the downfall of Stalinist Soviet Union, now remains a major threat to the US imperialist power. A recent report prepared by US-aided Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba, which is co-chaired by US Secretary of the State Condoleeza Rice and US Secretary of Commerce, revealed Bush’ plan for a regime change in Cuba, with a budget of USD 80 million.
Latin America Challenges US Imperialism
Latin America was one time the “backyard” of Imperial US, with US-backed dictators ruling the region throughout the 20th century. The democratically elected president Allende in Chile was replaced by US with the Pinochet government which left a bloody trail of terror in the Andean country; the US-backed Argentinean military junta tortured, and murdered over 30, 000 men, women and children; Uruguayan and Paraguayan dictatorships passionately participated in Operation Condor, even kidnapping the babies of some of the clandestine prisoners they were torturing.
In order to consolidate its imperial influence in the continent, US recruited, trained and employed terrorists such as Luis Posada Carriles, known as the Osama Bin Laden of Latin America, who helped trained the brutal Nicaraguan Contras to overthrow the Sandinista government, as well as the Guatemalan and Salvadoran death squads.
The Cuban revolution has posed a real challenge to US imperialism itself and has become the inspiration of ordinary people in Latin America and elsewhere to rise up against imperialism. We see people in Latin America still carrying banners of Che with passion. Though the revolution was isolated by the imperial powers with economic sanctions and military threats, it has proved to have the support of the working class of Cuba and stands strong until today.
With the recent events of shifting left in Latin America, Cuba has found new ideological allies in the region, and can begin concentrating on the unfinished process of its revolution, handing over power to the ordinary workers and peasants.
Latin America in Transformation
Neoliberalism is widely rejected today in Latin America, the continent where neoliberal policies have been carried out on a massive scale by imperialists and their agents, the ruling class. Gradual economic genocide as a result of imperial domination under neoliberal policies, has generated humiliating poverty for three-fourths of Latin Americans, degrading living standards and suffering of millions who are squeezed in favelas across the continent. For the indigenous people of Latin America, neoliberalism probably means just merely the latest variant of 500-year genocidal subjection.
Neoliberalism’s slashing of state social programs and use of “flexible labor” had led to the collapse of the minimum wage, impoverishment of masses, rising unemployment, and for even well-educated professionals “precariousness” of work and “over-exploitation”. It has also produced a new wave of popular resistance and leftward electoral swings.
In the wake of new wave of massive rebellion, there are, to be sure, strong counter-tendencies from the existing ruling class, including attempts to destabilize radical governments, counter-revolutionary plots and mobilizations, more repression and paramilitary terrorism, and accelerating violence against the oppressed people. What is at stake in Latin America is nothing less than control of basic resources, including oil, gas, water, low-wage labor, biodiversity, schools, hospitals, housing, transportation, pensions, banks and industries. The ordinary workers and peasants who participate in the social movements are protesting the privatization of nature, the commodification of life, and the pillage imposed by neoliberal imperialist powers, together with the illegitimate, unpayable foreign debts passed down from the dictatorships.
The election of Evo Morales in Bolivia and the radical reforms of the Hugo Chavez government in Venezuela, provide a fertile ground for emergence of an alternative to imperialism, and give meaning to the chant “another world is possible”, which world can only be a socialist one. Morales calls for a “communitarian socialism based on reciprocity and solidarity”, while Chavez advocates the need to internationalize the revolution and create “a new socialism for the 21st century” because “another world is not possible within capitalism!”
Even the election of moderate centre-left “soft neoliberal” governments, like those of Lula in Brazil, Bachelet in Chile and Tabare Vazquez in Uruguay, are the product of a long period of struggle against neoliberalism and the right-wings.
The failure of Lula’s “soft neoliberal” policies in Brazil has proven again that reformism is a dead-end for capitalism “with a human face”. The masses are continuing to mobilize against neoliberal policies, and the recent narrow victory of Lula in the first round presidential election showed the dissatisfaction of Brazilian people towards the continuation of neoliberal and pro-imperialist policies under Lula. This is a case of how without a working class party that carries out a clear revolutionary program to break the power and wealth of the oligarchy, there will be no real change for the working class.
Internationalization of Struggles
There is a growing recognition among Latin American peoples and the new leftist governments in the region, of the need to forge alliances and to internationalize their struggles. The continental campaign against the Free Trade Area of Americas (FTAA), has led to the formation of Bolivarian Alternative for the Americas (ALBA) which is to counter the US-imperialist dominance through establishment of a continental single market.
Initiated by Cuba and Venezuela, and joined by Bolivia recently, ALBA which was aimed at the exchange of medical resources and petroleum between nations, can be a catalyst to take the revolutionary process further. With the ALBA, Venezuela delivers about 96,000 barrels of oil per day to Cuba at very favourable prices and Cuba in exchange has sent 20,000 medical staff and thousands of teachers to Venezuela's slums.
And now, Cuba has over 700 medical doctors in Bolivia to go into the most remote areas of the Andean country, and have treated more than 776 000 patients. Venezuelan President Chavez has pledged $1.5 billion in energy investment to Bolivia, and is also investing in projects to produce organic tea, coffee, dairy and legal coca products in Bolivia. For Bush in the imperialist camp, these are lethal recipes of subversion in Latin America, but for the workers and campesinos, these are measures that may boost international solidarity among the working class to unite and resist the imperial order.
Since all the countries of Latin America are dominated by imperialism, they have a super-rich ruling class which is hand-in-hand with the imperialist bourgeoisie. This lay the basis of the most unequal societies on earth, and it is essential to defeat imperialism in order to end continuous oppression and exploitation. Yet, the task of taking on imperialism, cannot be relied on any-kind of merely “anti-imperialist alliance” with any sector of the bourgeoisie. The fight for the national and democratic tasks of the revolution, has to be led by working class and peasantry themselves.
As the great Russian revolutionary Trotsky put it, “Central America and South America can only uproot themselves from backwardness and slavery by uniting their states in one powerful federation. But it is not the backward South American bourgeoisie, venal agency of foreign imperialism, which will be called to resolve this task, but the young South American proletariat, the leader chosen by the oppressed masses. The slogan in the struggle against the violence and intrigues of world imperialism and against the blood-soaked domination of the indigenous comprador cliques, is then, the Soviet United States of Central and Southern America.”
Anti-Imperialism: Towards Socialist Revolution
There is growing interest in Socialism among the masses in Latin America. Public opinion polls in Venezuela and Brazil show more than half of the population favoring socialism. Yet there is a growing debate about the kinds of anti-imperialist models and socialisms that should be sought.
The Cuban Revolution of 1959 started a process of bringing socialism to the continent, with the tradition of Jose Marti, a kind that might differ from European socialism or the Stalinist model. Today, Venezuela’s socialism is rooted in the ideas of Simon Bolivar, and Bolivia’s is based on indigenous traditions. There are multiple socialist perspectives in Latin America. They share some common characteristics:
- Human-value driven, based on love (in the words of Che Guevara and Jose Marti), respect for others, and social justice;
- Participatory, without Stalinist-type of authoritarianism, but with multiple-level planning, worker-controlled enterprises, and as in the words of Fidel Castro, “politics instead of politicking”
- Internationalist, defending people against neoliberal and imperialist onslaught.
- Pro-sovereignty of nation-states in defense of the principles of non-intervention, non-aggression, and self-determination, including new states created to link up many peoples and ones aspiring to true “national independence” through unification into a Latin American state or confederation.
Which road to be taken and how? For sure, it can only be taken by the working class and the leadership of the working class rooted in the struggle against imperialist subjugation and oppression.
Deepening the Revolution
There are people who may argue whether the Bolivarian process and events in Latin America, are socialist revolutions in the 21st century or not. But whether socialist or not, we are sure that this process with the participation of the working masses, would lead in the direction of a socialist revolution. But, of course it needs a clear leadership of working class. Without mass mobilization, Chavez’s government would not survive the attempts of coup and continue with its radical reform programs.
The antagonism between the ruling class and working class, would lead to revolution and counter-revolution, and this would be the crucial moment for people to organize and mobilize in defense of the revolution. And the revolution only would prevail, with a strong working class base with clear leadership, and it has to be internationalist one.
In the face of imperialism’s stepped-up pressures, all will depend on how much unity and internationalism can be built among the social movements and different governments that bear the aspirations of the radical masses.
With the Bolivarian revolution in Venezuela starting to pour in much energy, together with Cuba and Bolivia, and mass struggles across the continent, Latin America is once again on the march, towards building a Socialist alternative for Latin America.
Now, the question and task in front of the working class and peasantry of Latin America, is how to deepen the revolutionary process which has been started. Only through deepening the revolution, by workers and peasants taking power from below, to build a genuine working class democracy, and internationalizing the struggle across the continent and the planet, only then shall we foresee a better world.
This is also the challenge to all of us around the world besides comrades in Latin America, the challenge for us to organize ourselves into a socialist movement with a revolutionary program, to link up our struggles and strengthen solidarity among the movements, to defeat savage capitalism and to build a genuine working class democracy, towards a common goal: a socialist future!